When was bartonella henselae discovered

Studies show that the vectors can be either the cat or the cat flea that transmits it to the cat. It lasts six to twelve weeks without antibiotic therapy. The main symptom that arises from this disease is lymphadenopathy, which is characterized by the swelling of the lymph nodes. Skin lesions become visible days after the cat scratch or bite and lymphadenopathy occurs approximately one to two weeks later. The affected lymph nodes are surrounded by histiocytes, lymphocytes, and cells with giant nuclei.

Fifty percent of the patients report that they had headaches, anorexia, weight loss, vomiting, and occassionally, a sore throat 5. This disease does not respond to antibiotic therapy. The two genotypes, I and II of Bartonella henselare are both involved in Cat Scratch Disease; however, clinically, there are no essential differences between the two 6.

Bartonella henselae has two invasion mechanisms into endothelial cells 8. One mechanism is the invasome-mediated uptake. First, the bacterium elicits a massive rearrangement of the actin cytoskeleton. This causes aggregation and bacteria is engulfed by host cell membranes and eventually enters the endothelial cells.

This structure is called the invasome. The infection elicits a proinflammatory response, which activates NF-kB, a transcription factor that regulates the innate immune response and adaptive immune response. This mechanism requires the use of Type IV secretion systems. The formation of an invasome usually takes 24 hours. When invasion is successful, numerous actin stress fibers will be found in a twisted morphology at the basal part of the invasome. The invasome is thought to cause a revolving locomotion of cell bodies, which would stimulate twisting forces and contribute to the evenly rounded structure of the cell.

It is important to note that the aggregation step in invasome formation is a host cell-driven process; the invasome are not clumping together by themselves. Although, clumping has been observed with the expression of type IV pili which causes the twitching motility. However, it is not present in all Bartonella henselae strains. Once the cell responds to inflammation, it elicits an angiogenic response. Cytokines that promote inflammation such as tumor necrosis factor TNF-alpha are released and leads to angiogenesis.

This is why patients with bacillary angiomatosis or peliosis hepatitis experience swelling The other mechanism was discovered when working with adhesion to endothelial cells by the bacterium with human umbilical vein endothelial cells HUVECs. Vasoproliferative lesions caused by Bartonella species are usually surrounded by neutrophils. These neutrophils contribute to an inflammatory response which involves endothelial cell activiation. Next, the bacterium enters the tissues and involves other adhesion molecules The invasion mechanisms into erythrocytes is not yet known.

The bacterium is so successful in invading because it is able to inhibit cell death of endothelial cells. This is done by controlling the early and late events in apoptosis such as caspase activation and DNA fragmentation. The translocation of BepA, a type IV secretion substrate, is important in inhibiting cell death.

The mechanism is based on raising the level of cyclic adenosine monophosphate cAMP carried out by the plasma membrane There is still much more research that needs to be done for the complete understanding of virulent factors.

There is still much to discover about the pathogenicity of this organism. Because it is mostly found in human and cats, there have not been much discovery of biotechnology advantage with this organism. It is difficult to find suitable liquid growth medium since this specie is extremely fastidious. Therefore, research has been problematic for many years. It was only until recently with the advancement in molecular biology tools that further research is possible.

It was discovered this year that Bartonella adhesion A BadA is the best known pathogenicity factor of Bartonella henselae. It consists of a head, stalk, and sits on the membrane. The functions and mechanism is not completely clear; however, it particpates in adhesion to extracellular-matrix proteins and endothelial cells.

Riess et al. The mechanism of endothelial cell proliferation is still a puzzling question to many researchers. McCord et al. They generated Bartonella henselae-conditioned medium and tested the ability of induce proliferation. They proceeded to study the molecules that were produced when the human umbilical vein endothelial cell HUVEC and discovered that there was an increase in calcium concentration in the cell.

It was determined that the calcium rise orginated from intracellular calcium stores. Cat Scratch Disease is mainly known to be caused by scratches and bites from cats. However, there has been a case where it is caused by a domestic dog in Taiwan.

A twenty three year old healthy woman developed lympahdenopathy, fever, headaches within three days of the dog scratch. She was treated with azithromycin. The investigators confirmed the bacteria was indeed Bartonella henselae through serology tests Journal of Clinical Microbiology, Vol Applied and Environmental Biology. Russel, Regnery, Ph. D, Tappero, Jordan. Emerging Infectious Disease, King, J. Halpern, and P. Gray, G.

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Zumdick, G. Goerz, and T. Miller, V. Bliska, and S. Minnick, M. Mitchell, and S. Anderson, M. Bendinelli, and H. Friedman Eds. Mitchell, S. Moulder, J. Buchanan and N. Gibbons Eds. Murakawa, G. Musso, D. Drancourt, and D. Myers, W. Cutler, and C. Wisseman, P. Fiset, E. Oaks, and J. Norman, A. Regnery, P. Jameson, C. Greene, and D. Dorsch, A. Padmalayam, I. Her name is Diane Marie Hensel and the bacteria she collected, Bartonella henselae, was named for her.

By the s, the emergence of Bartonella henselae infections in patients with HIV was making clear that more people were infected with the bacteria than just those exhibiting the symptoms of cat scratch disease. In the past, it was thought that cat scratch disease was self-limiting and that only immunocompromised people people with reduced immune systems would develop symptoms.

However, Bartonella species have increasingly been implicated in chronic diseases with non-specific or atypical symptoms. Galaxy Diagnostics co-founders Ed B. Breitschwerdt and Ricardo G. Maggi, along with Galaxy Diagnostics medical director Dr. Robert Mozayeni, have published key research expanding the understanding of acute and chronic bartonellosis.

Paul M. Lantos of Duke University, Drs. Breitschwerdt and Maggi, and others published the results of a study documenting Bartonella infection as an occupational risk of veterinarians. Ongoing research is being conducted to learn more about the prevalence of Bartonella infections in people without obvious signs of the named conditions caused by Bartonella , but it is at an early stage.

This history covers only three common species of Bartonella. At this time, two dozen species have been identified and more are suspected to exist. The symptoms that these new species may cause and how they are transmitted are not clear, but scientific methods have thankfully improved immensely since the end of the 19 th century. Byam, W. Trench fever: A louse-borne disease. Lantos, P. Detection of Bartonella species in the blood of veterinarians and veterinary technicians: A newly recognized occupational hazard?

Vector Borne and Zoonotic Diseases, 14 8 , Mascarelli, P. Bartonella henselae infection in a family experiencing neurological and neurocognitive abnormalities after woodlouse hunter spider bites.